"Astronomy" is the study of celestial bodies, and to "domineer" is to control something in an arrogant way. So "Astronomy Domine" means to control space for personal needs. This probably represents the space race between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics during the Cold War era.
This was written by Syd Barrett, who was the group's primary songwriter at the time. A founding member of Pink Floyd, his mental health started deteriorating a short time after this was released, and by 1972 he was out of the band, doing gardening instead of leading one of the foremost bands in Britain. Pink Floyd went on to far greater success without him, but the songs he wrote represent some of the more adventurous music of the era and show sparks of the genius many believe he could have become.
The Piper At The Gates Of Dawn was Pink Floyd's first album; the title came from a chapter heading in The Wind In The Willows, a children's book written by Kenneth Grahame and published in 1908. In the UK, it was a hit, reaching #6. Pink Floyd got some attention when they toured there with Jimi Hendrix in 1967.
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